Demonstrative

Demonstrative pronouns are the English this, that, these and those. Pre-Kaddesol has the same set of pronouns, deriving from the same root as the adverbs kjē and tla .

Definiteness

Pre-Kaddesol does not feature a definite article per se, but it can express definiteness through demonstrative pronouns.

In their base form, demonstrative pronouns are indefinite by default. They can express definition with the addition of the -m suffix in reference to animate antecedents and the -t suffix in reference to inanimate antecedents.

For example:

• makjēm kahwē the knife
• kitlat kiēga the land

Either the proximal or distal demonstratives can be used in expressing definiteness.

Paradigms

Proximal Demonstrative Pronoun

makjē , this, these.

• The masculine proximal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class I noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	makjē	mnakjē	ḡakjē
  acc.	mēkjē	mnēkjē	ḡēkjē
  gen.	mikjē	mnikjē	ḡikjē
  dat.	mukjē	mnukjē	ḡukjē

• The feminine proximal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class IV noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	njakjē	nenjakjē	hakjē
  acc.	njēkjē	nenjēkjē	hēkjē
  gen.	njikjē	nenjikjē	hikjē
  dat.	njukjē	nenjukjē	hukjē

• The bestial proximal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class III noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	nakjē	mnekjē	ḡakjē
  acc.	nēkjē	mnēkjē	ḡēkjē
  gen.	nikjē	mnikjē	ḡikjē
  dat.	nukjē	mnukjē	ḡukjē

• The inanimate proximal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class II noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	kikjē	kigekjē	gikjē
  acc.	kukjē	kugekjē	gukjē
  gen.	kekjē	kegekjē	gekjē
  dat.	kōkjē	kōgekjē	gōkjē

Distal Demonstrative Pronoun

matla njatla natla kitla , that, those.

• The masculine distal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class I noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	matla	mnatla	ḡatla
  acc.	mētla	mnētla	ḡētla
  gen.	mitla	mnitla	ḡitla
  dat.	mutla	mnutla	ḡutla

• The feminine distal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class IV noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	njatla	nenjatla	hatla
  acc.	njētla	nenjētla	hētla
  gen.	njitla	nenjitla	hitla
  dat.	njutla	nenjutla	hutla

• The bestial distal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class III noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	natla	mnetla	ḡatla
  acc.	nētla	mnētla	ḡētla
  gen.	nitla	mnitla	ḡitla
  dat.	nutla	mnutla	ḡutla

• The inanimate distal demonstrative pronoun is consistent with a Class II noun:

  Case	Sing.	Dl.	Pl.
  nom.	kitla	kigetla	gitla
  acc.	kutla	kugetla	gutla
  gen.	ketla	kegetla	getla
  dat.	kōtla	kōgetla	gōtla