Voice

Pre-Kaddesol verbs have active and mediopassive voices. The mediopassive voice is constructed through the use of the auxiliary verb nalha in the imperfective aspect and barha in the perfective. These verbs are highly irregular and can vary based on emphasis. Specifically the animacy of the subject or object to which the verb most often refers. Given the irregularity as such, passive roots are often included in lexical entries for verbs.

Consider ditali to speak, where speech is thought a quality of animacy:

Notice the variance in subjective affixes. ditali is an i-stem verb, but in the passive it functions as an a-stem verb by virtue of the nalha auxiliary.

In terms of semantic meaning in active voice the action of the verb is done by the subject to the object. In mediopassive voice the action is done by the object to the subject.

Notes

Mediopassive and Stress

As is the case with all auxiliary verbs, the lexical verb retains primary stress.
The stress in nalha and barha reverts to a secondary stress. However, when forming the mediopassive of a verb that already has an auxiliary, nalha and barha take the secondary stress from the subsequent auxiliary.

This is not a major issue in Pre-Kaddesol , but it does cause significant irregularities in daughter languages.

Transitivity

In the early stages of Pre-Kaddesol , the subjective and objective affixes were a requirement for all transitive verbs. Over time this has begun to degrade, especially in active voice where the objective affix tends to contract in cases where emphasis is not a requirement.

This is not the case with the mediopassive of a transitive verb, which still requires the objective affix. As with stress, this is a minor rule now but it has a strong impact on the vowel harmonization in Proto-Kaddesol .